Connect Python Applications with a Wallet (mTLS)

You can connect Python applications to your Autonomous AI Database instance with a wallet.

Connecting a Python application with a wallet (mTLS) provides enhanced security for authentication and encryption, and security is enforced using client credentials (by providing a username and password).

The python-oracledb driver’s default “Thin mode” connects directly to Oracle AI Database. The driver can optionally use Oracle Client libraries, “Thick mode”, for some additional functionality. The Oracle Client libraries can be from Oracle Instant Client, the full Oracle Client, or from an Oracle AI Database installation.

Follow these steps to connect your Python application to an Autonomous AI Database instance using a wallet (mTLS):

Install Python and the python-oracledb Driver
Obtain Security Credentials (Oracle Wallet) and Enable Network Connectivity

Obtain client security credentials to connect to an Autonomous AI Database instance.

Download a wallet file from the Autonomous AI Database instance to obtain a compressed file that contains the client security credentials and network configuration settings required to access an Autonomous AI Database instance.

Obtain the client security credentials (wallet.zip file):
- ADMIN user: On the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Console, click Database connection. See Download Client Credentials (Wallets).
- Other user (non-administrator): Obtain the Oracle Wallet from the administrator for your Autonomous AI Database instance.
Note: Protect the wallet.zip file and its contents to prevent unauthorized database access.
Unzip the client credentials file (wallet.zip).

Run Python Application with python-oracledb Thin Mode with a Wallet (mTLS)

By default, python-oracledb uses Thin mode to connect directly to your Autonomous AI Database instance.

In Thin mode only two files from the wallet zip are needed:

tnsnames.ora: Maps net service names used for application connection strings to your database services.
ewallet.pem: Enables SSL/TLS connections in Thin mode.

To connect in Thin mode:

Move tnsnames.ora and ewallet.pem files to a location on your system.

For example on Linux:
```
/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB
```
For example on Windows:
```
C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB
```
In your Python application, set the following connection parameters to connect to an Autonomous AI Database instance:
- config_dir: Specifies the directory containing tnsnames.ora.
- dsn: Use to specify the desired network alias from the tnsnames.ora file.
- password: Specifies the database user password.
- user: Specifies the database user.
- wallet_location: Specifies the directory containing the PEM file (ewallet.pem).
- wallet_password: Specifies the password for the PEM file (ewallet.pem). You set this password when you download the wallet.zip file.
For example, on Linux to connect as the ADMIN user using oracledb.connect with the db2024_low network service name (the service name is found in tnsnames.ora):
```
connection=oracledb.connect(
     config_dir="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB",
     user="admin",
     password=password,
     dsn="db2024_low",
     wallet_location="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB",
     wallet_password=wallet_pw)
```
For example, on Windows to connect as the ADMIN user using oracledb.connect with the db2024_low network service name (the service name is found in tnsnames.ora):
```
connection=oracledb.connect(
     config_dir=r"C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB",
     user="admin",
     password=password,
     dsn="db2024_low",
     wallet_location=r"C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB",
     wallet_password=wallet_pw)
```
The use of a ‘raw’ string r“...” means that backslashes are treated as directory separators.

As shown in this example, wallet_location and config_dir are set to the same directory (and the directory contains tnsnames.ora and ewallet.pem). Specifying the same directory for these files is not required.

If you are behind a firewall, you can tunnel TLS/SSL connections through a proxy using HTTPS_PROXY in the connect descriptor or by setting connection attributes. Successful connection depends on specific proxy configurations. Oracle does not recommend using a proxy in a production environment, due to the possible impact on performance.

In Thin mode you can specify a proxy by adding the https_proxy and http_proxy_port parameters.

For example, on Linux:

connection=oracledb.connect(
     config_dir="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB",
     user="admin",
     password=password,
     dsn="db2024_low",
     wallet_location="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB",
     wallet_password=wallet_pw,
     https_proxy='myproxy.example.com',
     https_proxy_port=80)

For example, on Windows:

connection=oracledb.connect(
     config_dir=r"C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB",
     user="admin",
     password=password,
     dsn="db2024_low",
     wallet_location=r"C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB",
     wallet_password=wallet_pw,
     https_proxy='myproxy.example.com',
     https_proxy_port=80)

Run Python Application with python-oracledb Thick Mode with a Wallet (mTLS)

By default, python-oracledb runs in Thin mode which connects directly to Oracle AI Database. Additional python-oracledb features are available when the driver runs in Thick mode.

Note: Thick mode requires that the Oracle Client libraries are installed where you run Python. You must also call oracledb.init_oracle_client() in your Python code.

In Thick mode the following three files from the wallet zip file are required:

tnsnames.ora: Contains the net service names used for application connection strings and maps the strings to your database services.
sqlnet.ora: Specifies the SQL*Net client side configuration.
cwallet.sso: Contains the auto open SSO wallet.

To connect in Thick mode:

Place the files tnsnames.ora, sqlnet.ora, and cwallet.sso on your system.

Use one of two options to place these files on your system:
- If you are using Instant Client, move the files to a network/admin subdirectory hierarchy under the Instant Client directory. For example depending on the architecture or your client system and where you installed Instant Client, the files should placed be in a directory location such as:
```
/home/myuser/instantclient_19_21/network/admin
```
  or
```
/usr/lib/oracle/19.21/client64/lib/network/admin
```
  For example, on Linux if you are using the full Oracle Client move the files to $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin.
- Alternatively, move the files to any accessible directory.
  
  For example, on Linux move the files to the directory /opt/OracleCloud/MYDB and edit sqlnet.ora to change the wallet location directory to the directory containing the cwallet.sso file.
  
  For example, on Linux edit sqlnet.ora as follows:
```
WALLET_LOCATION = (SOURCE = (METHOD=file) (METHOD_DATA = (DIRECTORY="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB")))
SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH=yes
```
  When the configuration files are not in the default location, your application needs to indicate where they are, either with the config_dir parameter in the call oracledb.init_oracle_client() or by setting the TNS_ADMIN environment variable.
Note: Neither of these settings are needed, and you do not need to edit sqlnet.ora if you put all the configuration files in the network/admin directory.
In your Python application set the following initialization and connection parameters to connect to the Autonomous AI Database instance:
- config_dir: Specifies the configuration directory when you are putting the configuration files. This is only required when the configuration files are placed in a directory outside of the instant client configuration directory network/admin.
- dsn: Specifies the desired network alias from the tnsnames.ora file.
- password: Specifies the database user password.
- user: Specifies the database user.
In the first case for placement of the configuration files, connect to the Autonomous AI Database instance using your database credentials by setting the dsn parameter to the desired network alias from tnsnames.ora.

For example, to connect as the ADMIN user using oracledb.init_oracle_client and connect with the db2024_low network service name (where the service name is found in tnsnames.ora):
```
oracledb.init_oracle_client()
   connection=oracledb.connect(
       user="admin",
       password=password,
       dsn="db2024_low")
```
When configuration files are in a directory outside of the instant client configuration directory, set the config_dir parameter when you call oracledb.init_oracle_client.

For example, on Linux to connect as the ADMIN user using the db2024_low network service name:
```
oracledb.init_oracle_client(config_dir="/opt/OracleCloud/MYDB")
   connection=oracledb.connect(
      user="admin",
      password=password,
      dsn="db2024_low")
```
For example, on Windows to connect as the ADMIN user using the db2024_low network service name:
```
oracledb.init_oracle_client(config_dir=r"C:\opt\OracleCloud\MYDB")
   connection=oracledb.connect(
      user="admin",
      password=password,
      dsn="db2024_low")
```
The use of a ‘raw’ string r“...” means that backslashes are treated as directory separators.

In Thick mode you can specify a proxy by editing the sqlnet.ora file and adding a line:

SQLNET.USE_HTTPS_PROXY=on

In addition, edit tnsnames.ora and add an HTTPS_PROXY proxy name and HTTPS_PROXY_PORT port to the connect descriptor address list of any service name you plan to use.

For example:

mydb_high=(description=
(address=(https_proxy=myproxy.example.com)
(https_proxy_port=80)
(protocol=tcps)(port=1522)(host=...)

See Enabling python-oracledb Thick mode for information on Thick mode.

Connect Python Applications with a Wallet (mTLS)

Obtain Security Credentials (Oracle Wallet) and Enable Network Connectivity

Run Python Application with python-oracledb Thin Mode with a Wallet (mTLS)

Run Python Application with python-oracledb Thick Mode with a Wallet (mTLS)